ghstbuyer 2807 Mandating this type of extremely important health and fitness benefits guarantees complete coverage for those and you may household, dealing with the diverse health care requires. These types of benefits tend to be emergency characteristics, maternity and you may newborn proper care, psychological state and you can compound fool around with sickness features, prescribed drugs, and a lot more. The marketplace provides multiple choices to be sure medical insurance is accessible and you can affordable to have many anyone.
To get very important information and you will condition from the medical insurance, sign up for current email address and text message notification to own prompt reminders and you may crucial guidance.
Seek out availability, while the never assume all material top preparations can be found in all areas.
Which brings a critical pathway so you can sensible visibility for legitimately establish immigrants which you will if not face a gap within the insurance choices.
Find out about what goes on that have representative exposure once Individual & Family members Package (IFP) termination to the December 31, 2025.
See how to register Protector’s increasing circle out of dental work with team.
Taking a medical Insurance policies Markets® plan: cuatro procedures
By understanding and making use of the brand new Special Subscription Months, you could take care of persisted health coverage and prevent holes in your insurance rates.
Mental health hotlines you to suffice rural groups have experienced an enthusiastic uptick inside the calls.
Issues that enable you to subscribe medical health insurance outside Open Enrollment.
You might be qualified to receive another Subscription Several months for those who features a major lifestyle knowledge.
Might significantly enhance your odds of to stop a gap inside acquiring it help if you digitally document the taxation return with Form 8962 because of the deadline of the go back.
This web site doesn’t display the offered preparations. † CSRs variations out of Restricted and you will No can also be found for the most other metal level agreements for people in federally approved tribes and you will ANCSA corporation investors. You will find a supplementary premium recharged of these elective benefits.
ghstbuyer 2807 Mandating this type of extremely important health and fitness benefits guarantees complete coverage for those and you may household, dealing with the diverse health care requires. These types of benefits tend to be emergency characteristics, maternity and you may newborn proper care, psychological state and you can compound fool around with sickness features, prescribed drugs, and a lot more. The marketplace provides multiple choices to be sure medical insurance is accessible and you can affordable to have many anyone.
To get very important information and you will condition from the medical insurance, sign up for current email address and text message notification to own prompt reminders and you may crucial guidance.
Seek out availability, while the never assume all material top preparations can be found in all areas.
Which brings a critical pathway so you can sensible visibility for legitimately establish immigrants which you will if not face a gap within the insurance choices.
Find out about what goes on that have representative exposure once Individual & Family members Package (IFP) termination to the December 31, 2025.
See how to register Protector’s increasing circle out of dental work with team.
Taking a medical Insurance policies Markets® plan: cuatro procedures
By understanding and making use of the brand new Special Subscription Months, you could take care of persisted health coverage and prevent holes in your insurance rates.
Mental health hotlines you to suffice rural groups have experienced an enthusiastic uptick inside the calls.
Issues that enable you to subscribe medical health insurance outside Open Enrollment.
You might be qualified to receive another Subscription Several months for those who features a major lifestyle knowledge.
Might significantly enhance your odds of to stop a gap inside acquiring it help if you digitally document the taxation return with Form 8962 because of the deadline of the go back.
This web site doesn’t display the offered preparations. † CSRs variations out of Restricted and you will No can also be found for the most other metal level agreements for people in federally approved tribes and you will ANCSA corporation investors. You will find a supplementary premium recharged of these elective benefits.
COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In January 2020, the disease spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic.
The symptoms of COVID‑19 can vary but often include fever,[7] fatigue, cough, breathing difficulties, loss of smell, and loss of taste.[8][9][10] Symptoms may begin one to fourteen days after exposure to the virus. At least a third of people who are infected do not develop noticeable symptoms.[11][12] Of those who develop symptoms noticeable enough to be classified as patients, most (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild pneumonia), while 14% develop severe symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxia, or more than 50% lung involvement on imaging), and 5% develop critical symptoms (respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction).[13] Older people have a higher risk of developing severe symptoms. Some complications result in death. Some people continue to experience a range of effects (long COVID) for months or years after infection, and damage to organs has been observed.[14] Multi-year studies on the long-term effects are ongoing.[15]
COVID‑19 transmission occurs when infectious particles are breathed in or come into contact with the eyes, nose, or mouth. The risk is highest when people are in close proximity, but small airborne particles containing the virus can remain suspended in the air and travel over longer distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can also occur when people touch their eyes, nose, or mouth after touching surfaces or objects that have been contaminated by the virus. People remain contagious for up to 20 days and can spread the virus even if they do not develop symptoms.[16]
Testing methods for COVID-19 to detect the virus’s nucleic acid include real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR),[17][18] transcription-mediated amplification,[17][18][19] and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT‑LAMP)[17][18] from a nasopharyngeal swab.[20]
Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and distributed in various countries, many of which have initiated mass vaccination campaigns. Other preventive measures include physical or social distancing, quarantining, ventilation of indoor spaces, use of face masks or coverings in public, covering coughs and sneezes, hand washing, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. While drugs have been developed to inhibit the virus, the primary treatment is still symptomatic, managing the disease through supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures.
Возможность настройки уведомлений о важных событиях на рынке также является ценным форекс вход инструментом. В целом, личный кабинет – это удобный и многофункциональный центр управления вашей торговой деятельностью, предоставляющий все необходимые инструменты для успешной работы на рынке Форекс. Обращайте внимание на регистр букв – заглавные и строчные буквы различаются.
Для этого вам может потребоваться ответить на контрольные вопросы или подтвердить свою личность через электронную почту или телефон.
Регулярное изучение этих материалов поможет вам улучшить свои навыки торговли и повысить свою прибыльность.
Выбор брокера – важный этап, от которого зависит удобство работы и безопасность ваших средств.
Здесь также пользователю представлена возможность осуществить любые операции по переводу денежных средств по счетам.
Брокер предлагает широкий выбор платежных систем‚ чтобы каждый клиент мог выбрать наиболее подходящий для себя вариант.
Самая популярная профессиональная программа для торвголи на рынке Forex, с множеством инструментов и функций для проведения анализа и торговли. Анализ этих отчетов поможет вам оценить эффективность вашей торговой стратегии и внести необходимые коррективы. Личный кабинет Альфа Форекс предоставляет доступ к популярным торговым платформам MetaTrader 4 (MT4) и MetaTrader 5 (MT5). Эти платформы являются одними из самых востребованных среди трейдеров по всему миру благодаря своей функциональности‚ удобству и надежности. Нажимая кнопку “Отправить”, Вы автоматически соглашаетесь с политикой конфиденциальности и даете свое согласие на обработку персональных данных. Для авторизации в системе понадобится сделать сканер документов и загрузить их.
Вход в личный кабинет на Форекс Либертекс
Торговля на рынке Форекс предоставляет захватывающие возможности для получения прибыли‚ но для успешной работы необходимо надежное и удобное торговое окружение. Альфа Форекс‚ известный брокер‚ предлагает своим клиентам мощную платформу для трейдинга‚ доступ к которой осуществляется через личный кабинет. Этот кабинет является центральным узлом для управления вашими счетами‚ анализа рынка и совершения сделок. Процесс входа в личный кабинет на Форекс зависит от выбранного брокера и торговой платформы.
Использование Отдельного Устройства для Торговли
Новости для принятия своевременных торговых решений от компании FxWirePro. Аналитические cookie-файлы используются для изучения поведения пользователей на сайте, повышения его производительности и оценки эффективности маркетинговых мероприятий. Кроме того, с их помощью осуществляется персонализированное размещение рекламного контента. Вы можете просмотреть информацию об использовании cookie и при необходимости изменить настройки.
Как заработать на Форекс: стратегии и методы
После регистрации на торговой платформе Форекс необходимо подтвердить свой адрес электронной почты. Это важный шаг для обеспечения безопасности вашей учетной записи и активации всех функций личного кабинета. После установки торгового терминала вам необходимо ввести свои учетные данные, чтобы войти в личный кабинет на Форекс.
Будьте внимательны и не сообщайте свои личные данные посторонним лицам. Если вы подозреваете, что ваш аккаунт был взломан, немедленно свяжитесь со службой поддержки брокера для блокировки аккаунта и предотвращения несанкционированных действий. После восстановления доступа, обязательно измените свой пароль и настройте дополнительные меры безопасности, если они доступны.
Данные сканы будут являться подтверждением личности пользователя. После того как данные клиента будут тщательно проверены, ему будет направлено сообщение о подтверждении. Это позволит избежать трудностей во время вывода денежных средств. В некоторых случаях для входа в личный кабинет может потребоваться дополнительная аутентификация, например, ввод кода из SMS-сообщения или подтверждение входа через приложение на вашем смартфоне.
Что делать, если я не могу войти в личный кабинет?
Это повышает безопасность вашего аккаунта и защищает его от несанкционированного доступа. После успешной авторизации вы сможете получить доступ ко всем функциям вашего личного кабинета. Перед тем как https://forexby.com/ войти в личный кабинет, необходимо выбрать надежного брокера и пройти процедуру регистрации. Обратите внимание на репутацию брокера, наличие лицензий и регулирующих органов, а также на предлагаемые торговые условия, спреды и комиссии.
Возможность настройки уведомлений о важных событиях на рынке также является ценным форекс вход инструментом. В целом, личный кабинет – это удобный и многофункциональный центр управления вашей торговой деятельностью, предоставляющий все необходимые инструменты для успешной работы на рынке Форекс. Обращайте внимание на регистр букв – заглавные и строчные буквы различаются.
Для этого вам может потребоваться ответить на контрольные вопросы или подтвердить свою личность через электронную почту или телефон.
Регулярное изучение этих материалов поможет вам улучшить свои навыки торговли и повысить свою прибыльность.
Выбор брокера – важный этап, от которого зависит удобство работы и безопасность ваших средств.
Здесь также пользователю представлена возможность осуществить любые операции по переводу денежных средств по счетам.
Брокер предлагает широкий выбор платежных систем‚ чтобы каждый клиент мог выбрать наиболее подходящий для себя вариант.
Самая популярная профессиональная программа для торвголи на рынке Forex, с множеством инструментов и функций для проведения анализа и торговли. Анализ этих отчетов поможет вам оценить эффективность вашей торговой стратегии и внести необходимые коррективы. Личный кабинет Альфа Форекс предоставляет доступ к популярным торговым платформам MetaTrader 4 (MT4) и MetaTrader 5 (MT5). Эти платформы являются одними из самых востребованных среди трейдеров по всему миру благодаря своей функциональности‚ удобству и надежности. Нажимая кнопку “Отправить”, Вы автоматически соглашаетесь с политикой конфиденциальности и даете свое согласие на обработку персональных данных. Для авторизации в системе понадобится сделать сканер документов и загрузить их.
Вход в личный кабинет на Форекс Либертекс
Торговля на рынке Форекс предоставляет захватывающие возможности для получения прибыли‚ но для успешной работы необходимо надежное и удобное торговое окружение. Альфа Форекс‚ известный брокер‚ предлагает своим клиентам мощную платформу для трейдинга‚ доступ к которой осуществляется через личный кабинет. Этот кабинет является центральным узлом для управления вашими счетами‚ анализа рынка и совершения сделок. Процесс входа в личный кабинет на Форекс зависит от выбранного брокера и торговой платформы.
Использование Отдельного Устройства для Торговли
Новости для принятия своевременных торговых решений от компании FxWirePro. Аналитические cookie-файлы используются для изучения поведения пользователей на сайте, повышения его производительности и оценки эффективности маркетинговых мероприятий. Кроме того, с их помощью осуществляется персонализированное размещение рекламного контента. Вы можете просмотреть информацию об использовании cookie и при необходимости изменить настройки.
Как заработать на Форекс: стратегии и методы
После регистрации на торговой платформе Форекс необходимо подтвердить свой адрес электронной почты. Это важный шаг для обеспечения безопасности вашей учетной записи и активации всех функций личного кабинета. После установки торгового терминала вам необходимо ввести свои учетные данные, чтобы войти в личный кабинет на Форекс.
Будьте внимательны и не сообщайте свои личные данные посторонним лицам. Если вы подозреваете, что ваш аккаунт был взломан, немедленно свяжитесь со службой поддержки брокера для блокировки аккаунта и предотвращения несанкционированных действий. После восстановления доступа, обязательно измените свой пароль и настройте дополнительные меры безопасности, если они доступны.
Данные сканы будут являться подтверждением личности пользователя. После того как данные клиента будут тщательно проверены, ему будет направлено сообщение о подтверждении. Это позволит избежать трудностей во время вывода денежных средств. В некоторых случаях для входа в личный кабинет может потребоваться дополнительная аутентификация, например, ввод кода из SMS-сообщения или подтверждение входа через приложение на вашем смартфоне.
Что делать, если я не могу войти в личный кабинет?
Это повышает безопасность вашего аккаунта и защищает его от несанкционированного доступа. После успешной авторизации вы сможете получить доступ ко всем функциям вашего личного кабинета. Перед тем как https://forexby.com/ войти в личный кабинет, необходимо выбрать надежного брокера и пройти процедуру регистрации. Обратите внимание на репутацию брокера, наличие лицензий и регулирующих органов, а также на предлагаемые торговые условия, спреды и комиссии.
Если вы не знаете, как составить вопрос, обращайтесь в службу технической поддержки за помощью. Сервисом Альфа https://forexby.com/ Форекс предусмотрено специальное приложение для мобильных устройств. Благодаря большому числу опций пользователь может управлять финансовыми средствами в любом месте и в любое время.
Основные функции и возможности личного кабинета
Управление капиталом Forex — это профессиональный подход и минимум усилий в вопросах получения прибыли.
Обращайте внимание на URL-адрес сайта, к которому вы подключаетесь, чтобы убедиться, что это действительно сайт вашего брокера, а не фишинговый сайт.
В ситуации, когда пользователь не может войти в учетную запись, ему потребуется восстановить доступ.
23 аналитических объекта и 30 встроенных технических индикаторов сильно помогают в этом, но являются лишь верхушкой айсберга.
Честный брокер всегда предлагает своим клиентам реальные условия, которые, тем не менее, остаются выгодными. Наша компания по праву считается одним из лучших брокеров Форекс (Forex brokers) в Узбекистане, Украине и странах СНГ. MetaTrader 4 — это передовые торговые и аналитические технологии, а также дополнительные сервисы. Все, что необходимо для торговли на Форексе, трейдеры найдут именно в этой торговой платформе. Я мог отслеживать ее статус в разделе «Открытые сделки» в своем личном кабинете. Я получил уведомление на электронную почту о закрытии сделки и зачислении прибыли на мой счет.
Способы пополнения счета
Логин, как правило, представляет собой ваш адрес электронной почты или номер счета, а пароль – уникальная комбинация символов, которую вы выбираете самостоятельно или получаете от брокера. Обратите внимание на регистр букв при вводе пароля – большинство систем чувствительны к регистру. Если вы забыли свой пароль, не пытайтесь его угадать многократно, так как это может привести к блокировке аккаунта. Вместо этого воспользуйтесь функцией восстановления пароля, которая обычно доступна на странице авторизации. После успешного ввода логина и пароля, система проверит ваши данные и, если они верны, перенаправит вас в ваш личный кабинет.
Торгуйте со смартфона с приложением AMarkets
Обычно это логин и пароль, которые вы получили при регистрации на платформе брокера. Если вы забыли свой логин или пароль, вы можете воспользоваться функцией восстановления доступа, которая обычно доступна на странице входа. Вам потребуется ввести свой адрес электронной почты или номер телефона, указанный при регистрации, после чего вы получите инструкции по восстановлению доступа. Hedge Позволяет одновременно держать на счете множество открытых позиций по одному и тому же символу, в том числе разнонаправленных. Net Позволяет держать на счете только одну позицию по одному и тому же символу. При совершении сделки в том же направлении, в котором открыта текущая позиция, происходит увеличение объема текущей позиции.
В случае, когда самостоятельный трейдинг покажется вам чрезмерно сложным, вы можете воспользоваться нашей услугой ПАММ-сервис. Для этих целей используется Google Tag Manager — система управления тегами, обеспечивающая передачу данных в сторонние аналитические сервисы (в том числе Google Analytics, Яндекс Метрика и др.). Эти cookie-файлы сохраняются на вашем устройстве во время посещения сайта. Они используются для анонимного анализа активности, упрощения взаимодействия с сайтом и предоставления дополнительных функций.
Для того чтобы торговать на Forex, необходимо открыть счет у брокера, предоставляющего доступ к этой торговой платформе. Брокер предоставляет вам торговый терминал, где вы можете размещать ордера на покупку или продажу валют. Теперь вы можете войти в свой личный кабинет на торговой платформе, используя свой логин (обычно это ваш адрес электронной почты) и пароль.
форекс личный кабинет войти в личный кабинет
MT5 поддерживает форекс вход больше типов ордеров‚ таймфреймов и технических индикаторов‚ чем MT4. Кроме того‚ MT5 позволяет торговать не только валютами‚ но и другими финансовыми инструментами‚ такими как акции‚ индексы и товары. Альфа Форекс предоставляет своим клиентам качественную и оперативную службу поддержки. Через личный кабинет вы можете связаться со специалистами службы поддержки различными способами. MetaTrader 4 – это классическая торговая платформа‚ которая пользуется огромной популярностью среди трейдеров всех уровней. Она предлагает широкий набор инструментов для технического анализа‚ включая графики‚ индикаторы и торговые советники (Expert Advisors).
In 2017, BBC aired a wonderful nature miniseries about animal swarms. It struck me that humans too gather up in large groups, and it is quite surprising that we successfully manage the complexity of large groups. However, when we actually swarm, it is not a pretty sight. It looks like this
Rush Hour in Bangkok, in Public Domain by Bernard Spragg
Humans often engage in swarm behaviour, while lacking swarm intelligence.
Even though new directions in the development of open social web technologies show great promise, ultimately, social technologies should enable us to gain swarm intelligence, and I don’t see how that would happen with the technologies that are on the table. I’d like to bring this discussion up, and also make somewhat technical at the end.
So, lets start with the above picture and state a possible mission: Halve the number of cars on the road, while keeping in mind that the transit system as a whole has a number of equilibrium points. So, for example, it is well-known that if you build a new highway, or add another lane, as is commonly done, the result is basically that you just interrupt the equilibrium between transport alternatives: If it is faster to go by car than the train, you go by car, until the roads are so congested that the travel time is about the same. Adding another lane is likely to make the car faster until and so people will prefer the car to the train for a while until the roads get congested again. So, basically, to make roads faster above a certain density, improve rapid transit, not roads. I felt the need to state this as part of the mission description, because you could trivially make it nice to share cars, but that too is likely to just end up finding new equilibriums, not add swarm intelligence.
So, recall that this was the promise of self-driving cars. It is not particularly that it would be nice to sit back while the car was driving, it is really that far fewer cars would be needed for transport needs. However, as cool as it may be, it is really about shared mobility, self-driving is not required to achieve that, and also, without shared mobility, self-driving as just another cool gadget.
Actual shared mobility requires swarm intelligence to provide significant benefit for humanity, and most certainly, it is a solution to problems that are very significant, pollution, accidental deaths, waste of time, loss of economic opportunity.
The problem to be addressed is pretty hard, and so, lets not go into every detail, but I think we can safely say that part of the solution would be social technologies, and that individuals would need to share intents and provide situational awareness, expressed in data that is to a great extent personal.
Infrastructure for such technologies would likely require query and inference over all this data, and here lies the key to what I worry about with open social web technologies, it seems very focused on the data management needs of individuals, which, I acknowledge, is extremely important. Without taking back the agency that has been stolen from people, no responsible development is possible.
As part of this, a great deal of decentralisation is required, both technological and institutional. Decentralisation must also be in service of the collective good, because, if not, it is not really social, is it?
Decentralisation of technology is usually hard. It is almost always easier to just gobble up data into a bunch of datacenters and perform the required query, training and inference over them there. It is therefore not just about the protocols and the social media use cases, social technologies must also consider the large scale use cases that can and will happen downstream from the ecosystems that we currently build. And I’m very concerned about these downstream uses, because I see them as a very strong choke point for sentralisation, a centralisation that can not only undermine what we do or make it evil, but also turn governments against us.
Just think about what could happen if a big data gobbler presented a prospect to the government that they would halve the number of cars on the road, if they only relaxed privacy regulations around position data, and added a bit of biometrics here and there. It’d be difficult to say no, given the severity of the problems.
My hunch is that to avoid it being such a centralisation choke point, we would need to make it possible to query and inference over data without having an architecture that requires a firehose that enables gobbling. Data should stay where they are, query plans should match data where they are and only project data that is required to help the swarm.
My problem is that I just don’t see how that would happen now, but I did see how it could happen with Solid if it wasn’t just about enterprise use cases. It wouldn’t be easy, it would be really, really hard, but I could see a way with things done to the protocol, with metadata, with new authorization scopes that could grant access to metadata even when data would require a more restrictive scope. However, the query and inference was strongly dependent on the simplicity of the underlying data model, basically just n-tuples with a very small n, where ontologies can add a bit to help.
Anything more advanced that than, and the feasibility of doing it decentralised seemed to vanish. A case in point, there were quite a few attempts to build database engines on the Topic Maps data model, and even a centralised database was hard to scale significantly. I don’t see how you would could build it on the IPLD data model, and there’s little to indicate that IPFS would help with the necessary decentralization.
What I currently see are two possible failure modes, one is that it becomes so valuable to do query and inference over many PDSes, so that the PDS provider with the most PDSes win (which, basically is how Solid got destined to fail, the community had zero attention around how hard decentralization is, and Inrupt simply didn’t want it), and the other is that we end up with the firehose gobbled up into a big centralized, cloud based system for processing. For that not to happen, I think we need to be able to perform queries and inference over data where they are, possibly with some replications, like IPFS originally intended, but replication over real-time, or near real-time data is hard.
Now, I’m trying not to make an argument from ignorance here, and it is certainly not an argument from authority, because I have only rudimentary understanding of several of the technologies in place, but I just don’t see a discussion of such issues. And somewhere down the road, I think the large-scale social coordination problems is really to key for social technologies to be more than a footnote, the failure of the 2010s.
Dumbphones har blitt en stor greie blant dem som ikke liker Big Tech. De som følger bloggen vet at jeg er sterk motstander av Big Tech, men det er større spørsmål som ligger bak som jeg mener er viktigere, mye viktigere, hvis man skal klare å frigjøre seg fra Big Tech. Man må tenke på hva slags makt som ligger i devicene, det er det aller viktigste. I en dumbphone ligger all makt i det ene selskapet som lager dumbphonen. De har helt ubestridt, eneveldig makt. Det betyr at hvis dumbphones skulle bli populært igjen, så har de også makten til å bestemme hva en dumbphone kan gjøre, og da kan du være sikker på at dumbphonen ikke vil være på din side. En dumbphone er også det vi kjenner i informatikken som en Turing-maskin, den har de samme egenskaper som alle andre datamaskiner, det er ingen teoretiske begrensinger på hva dumbphonen kan programmeres til å gjøre (utover sånne ting som at hvis den bare har hardware til å være en 4G-telefon kan den neppe programmeres til å bli en 5G-telefon), det handler bare om hvem som har makten til å gjøre det. Altså, med en dumbphone gir du total makt til ett selskap. Var det virkelig det du ønsket å gjøre?
Først må man sikre at man ikke blir tvunget til å bruke Big Tech sine plattformer, så kan man sikre at man ikke bruker det dårlige, avhengighetsskapende.
Med en iPhone ligger også nesten all makt i hendene til Apple, men det er mulig å komme inn med litt andre ting, i form av apps. Det er ikke en særlig stor forbedring, men det er litt.
Med Android er situasjonen litt bedre, det er en litt mer åpen plattform, men posisjonen Google har på plattformen er meget sterk, de reserverer mesteparten av makten til seg selv, men det er en del muligheter for å andre å innovere. Ingen stor trøst, men makten til Google er betydelig mindre over Android, enn det er til produsenten av dumbphonen.
En smartphone burde egentlig vært en device for General Purpose Computing. General Purpose Computing er egentlig en frigjørende teknologi, den kan brukes til hva som helst. Problemet er at demokratiet aldri har tatt dette på alvor, fordi samfunnet aldri har prøvd å forstå hva General Purpose Computing betyr for samfunnet. Det er dette som er det virkelige problemet. Å gå tilbake til dumphones er å oppgi General Purpose Computing, en frigjørende teknologi, for å gå til en svært begrensende teknologi som er under autoritær kontroll. Det er å rette baker for smed. Man har ikke en god nok forståelse av makt i sosioteknologiske systemer. General Purpose Computing gjør at også avhengighetsskapende teknologier kan lages, men det gjør også at man kan lage alternativer som ikke er det. Problemet er at vi ikke har noen motmakt som gjør at befolkningen har tilgang til teknologi som er bra for dem, ikke smarttelefonen som sådan.
Så, hva er alternativene? Det handler om å analysere makten og hva som kan forandre maktforholdene. Det handler ikke mest om produkter. Jeg vil sterkt anbefale alle om å lese om Digital Commons. Digital Commons er en modell for å styre teknologiutvikling som allerede er vel etablert, men som trenger sterkere utbredelse og anvendelse i flere situasjoner.
Jolla er et finsk selskap som lager telefoner med et annet operativsystem enn Android. Med Jolla har demokratiet mulighet til å komme inn og etablere en Digital Commons styringsmodell, der er en av aktørene.
Hvis dette blir for radikalt, så kan man ta de fleste Android-telefoner og installere alternative operativsystemer, som GrapheneOS, Lineage OS eller /e/ OS.- Alle disse er delvis styrt som Digital Commons i dag, og demokratiske myndigheter har mulighet til å etablere nye styringsstrukturer ved å bidra inn i disse økosystemene. Hvis jeg skulle kjøpt en ny mobil i dag, ville jeg helt konkret ha kjøpt en Fairphone 6 med /e/ OS preinstallert. Da får man en telefon med høy kvalitet som kan repareres enkelt hjemme, uten Big Tech-bindinger, som gjør en stor innsats for å gjøre produksjonen på en etisk måte, samtidig som den kan kjøre det meste av det man trenger i hverdagen.
Det er en mulighet til, nemlig PureOS, der en er en av utviklerne er en dansk kamerat av meg. Dette kan kjøpes i et veldig amerikansk produkt som heter Librem 5, som selv om det er amerikansk, laget med svært stor respekt for enkeltmenneskets rettigheter. Igjen, jeg mener dette ikke bør handle om amerikansk eller ikke, kinesisk eller ikke, og heller ikke om dumbphones eller ikke. Det bør handle om hvordan makten forvaltes. Og der er dumbphones en dum ide (det var ikke jeg som begynte å bruke ordet “dum”, ikke sant?), det finnes langt bedre tilnærminger.
Mens vi er inne på dumbphones, jeg skjønner virkelig ikke hva folk ser i SMSer. SMS var en måte der de mektige på den tiden, produsenter og teleoperatører, misbrukte sin makt til å flå folk. En krone eller mer per SMS var det vi betalte! For en tjeneste som hadde en marginalkostnad på omtrent ingenting. Og det er derfor den er bakt inn i abonnementet nå. Hele sikkerhetsmodellen rundt SMS er en katastrofe, SMS er ikke kryptert, kan enkelt overvåkes, og avsender kan enkelt forfalskes. Derfor, det med å sende koder på SMS, ingen god ide, men det gjøres likevel. Bruk Signal istedet! Det er nettopp slik total mangel på respekt for folks rettigheter og sikkerhet som skjer når man samler makt i så få hender. Big Tech har bare gjort dette problemet verre, men det er egentlig det samme problemet.
I wanted to agree with Jonathan Haidt, because I share many of his views of what went wrong, how current social media is detrimental to not only teen mental health, but to a wide array of societal functions. His solutions, however, will most likely further cement the current powers and lead to more social ills, not less. Furthermore, he has had such an impact that it is difficult to speak about more comprehensive solutions to the problems. It had been easier to just try to ride the wave that Haidt set in motion, but it is fundamentally flawed in so many ways that I must rather speak up.
We are all captives of feudal lords who do not have our best interests in mind, but who have created a failed state, with many harms that follow.
I have not been able to get my hands on The Anxious Generation, but Haidt has elaborated on his views in several podcasts, on “Your Undivided Attention” and on the Ezra Klein Show. Haidt prescribes four norms:
No smartphone before high school.
No social media until 16.
Phone free schools.
Far more independence, free play, and responsibility in the real world.
I wholeheartedly agree with number 4, I’ll get back to that later. I can also generally support number 3. As of today, seen in isolation, it is easy to make the case for the first two also, but it completely misses the point.
The extent to which the point has been missed lies in the rhetorical question that Haidt posed with emphasis in both podcasts:
At what age are you old enough to sign a contract with a giant corporation to give away your data and your rights and let them stuff stuff into you chosen by their algorithm? At what age?
I’m astonished that the neither he nor the hosts attempted to give the only reasonable answer to this question: No-one should ever be compelled to sign that contract under any circumstances! That there are powers in society that can compel people to do that is one of the central dysfunctions in society, that is what leads to ills such as a floundering public debate, information disorder, innovation stagnation, poor mental health, lack of attention to issues that matter, etc., etc. At least do not make it worse, but the task before us is really to challenge that power. These companies are the abusers!
Haidt is not willing to do that, to the contrary, he celebrates an Australian approach (which is now also misguidedly proposed in Norway) which grants the power to collect the data to the very giant corporation that is abusing the teens to begin with! So, now it is not only by contract, now the law will force people to share data with those corporations. What could go wrong?
A well-known example that happened long ago: The cookie-banners we all have to click through every day have been used to undermine human agency by conditioning us to consent to anything. And it is not like third party cookies weren’t known to be a terrible idea: In the first standards document from 1997, it was treated as a security problem. Every law on the books have the potential to be abused, like they did with consent. With the naive Australian approach, which Haidt celebrates, the law will be used for nefarious purposes, it will clearly be used to extract much more data, because, of course, there will never be a very reliable way to assess someone’s age from just a few attributes. A less naive way to do age verification is to rely on government attestation, you can even make a system that only gives a yes/no answer. However, that does not challenge the fundamental causes of harm, that there exists entities that are so powerful that they can compel you to turn over your rights. It can also cause new harms, since it is not just kids who will need to give up data, everyone has to, which can have chilling effects on freedom of expression.
The two first norms are just techno-solutionism in a new wrapping. The belief that if you just let loose technologists, technology will emerge as a cure to the problems you see, is still surprisingly prevalent. Age limits, that require a technological quick-fix in the form of age verification, is just yet another round of techno-solutionism, albeit coming from other sources this time.
There are several misunderstandings that have to be addressed. The first, I think is that current social media is so entrenched that it is hard to get out of our lives. My assertion is that it is much easier to topple the giants than to design a responsible age verification system. But first, another misunderstanding is around the “screens”. When people talk about screens, they talk as if there is a screen that causes all the ills. It isn’t. If you are to understand technology, the first thing is to break it down to components and understand what each component does, only then is it possible to intervene sensibly. A screen is a device that displays red, green and blue dots. That’s all. It has very little, if any impact. The things that should be of concern are elsewhere, usually, they are not even on your phone or on your computer at all. Haidt’s focus on screens have been strongly detrimental to public discourse, it has become very difficult to talk about the deeper problems.
Now, recall what legacy social media platforms actually are: They are surveillance and influence machines. The parts that are actually in some cases socially useful, the part where we can debate each other and coordinate with other parents in school are tiny bits. Those parts are just there to trap us, it is just there for exploitation. To replicate their function is no big deal, it can be done in a matter of weeks. Haidt calls these surveillance and influence machines a “miracle of technical innovation”, to which I disagree very strongly. These have no societal function, if they disappeared, we would need different ways of bringing products to market, but there would be no loss.
Obviously, we should have much higher ambitions for social media. Social media should first of all enhance our capability for coordinated action, it should provide us with a much more deliberative democracy, it should bridge our narratives and bring people closer together. It should be good for our mental health. Martin Seligman mentioned a meeting with technology companies in his 2011 book “Flourish”:
I commented on Facebook’s possibilities for instilling well-being: “As it stands now, Facebook may actually be building four of the elements of well-being: positive emotion, engagement (sharing all those photos of good events), positive relationships (the heart of what ‘friends’ are all about), and now accomplishment. All to the good. The fifth element of well-being, however, needs work, and in the narcissistic environment of Facebook, this work is urgent, and that is belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than the self — the element of meaning. Facebook could indeed help to build meaning in the lives of the five hundred million users. Think about it, Mark.”
Those present chose to do the opposite, but it was a choice. Social Media as it is now was not inevitable. We can make a different choice.
Haidt celebrates TV, and again I disagree strongly. At its worst, TV is a pacifier, TV cannot build engagement and positive relationships in individuals. It plays no role in accomplishment, is a venue where narcissists get more exposure than what is good for them, and meaning is hard to make out of it. It cannot help to build bridges between individuals with differing opinions. Also, consider Carl Sagan’s remarkably prescient book “A Demon-Haunted World” from 1995:
I have a foreboding of an America in my children’s or grandchildren’s time — when the United States is a service and information economy; when nearly all the key manufacturing industries have slipped away to other countries; when awesome technological powers are in the hands of a very few, and no one representing the public interest can even grasp the issues; when the people have lost the ability to set their own agendas or knowledgeably question those in authority; when, clutching our crystals and nervously consulting our horoscopes, our critical faculties in decline, unable to distinguish between what feels good and what’s true, we slide, almost without noticing, back into superstition and darkness. The dumbing down of America is most evident in the slow decay of substantive content in the enormously influential media, the 30 second sound bites (now down to 10 seconds or less), lowest common denominator programming, credulous presentations on pseudoscience and superstition, but especially a kind of celebration of ignorance.
At its best, then certainly, I too enjoy a good Pixar movie with my kids and talk about it afterwards. I just can’t follow Haidt in elevating something as passive as TV to contrast with what social media could be. It is purely misplaced nostalgia, as the quote from 1995 shows.
Social media could play a role in getting kids out again. I strongly agree that it is critical that they do. I also exchanged a few emails with Haidt’s cofounder of Let Grow, Lenore Skenazy, because here in Norway, it was just a short period in the 90-ties that we had the same panic as in the US. Playgrounds would be sterilized and the lower branches of trees would be cut to keep kids from climbing them. Gen Z has not been subject to that madness here in Norway. Norway is different, it shows in advertising and in that the host of a popular TV show reminds kids that they have the right to jump in icy water in school. While visiting New York City, my kids laughed at the idea that someone their age shouldn’t be allowed to ride the subway on their own. And still, they do appear to be as much victims to deteriorating mental health as their US peers. That may be because they aren’t out as much as I was at their age, but it is not due to parenting or societal pressures. It seems to me that the US got liberty all wrong: You shouldn’t need to enact free-range kids laws, kids’ right to roam should be a part of the liberty that everyone is afforded and that right shouldn’t be infringed upon. That’s how it is here in Norway.
Which brings me to another bizarre idea in this debate: That it is appropriate for the state to direct its power against their own citizens, that it is appropriate to regulate the behavior of victims and not their abusers. Changing social media must be an emancipation project. Tech giants have taken essential liberty from the people, and democracy must return liberty to the kids in particular and to the people in general. It must again make it possible to innovate. The reality of the matter is that innovation is just an empty buzzword in Silicon Valley, what they actually build is literally “moat“. This is how social media will look with the proposed regulation:
Erecting another wall around the victims of the abuse will not be helpful.
As a technologist, I reject techno-solutionism. I call on media studies to similarly understand that media literacy programs do not by itself help and policy makers to similarly realize that only writing down regulation and expect it to be followed is not the solution.
That is not to say that technology isn’t part of the solution. It is, but some technology must be developed but with a democratic mandate rather than just a commercial one. Crucially, it must not be just about the technology, but about the new societal institutions we require, where governance and technology development come together in large international ecosystems, guided by cross-disciplinary teams. Surely, it is much harder to set up, but not as hard as you may think. Digital Commons is already available for essential infrastructure, and various initiatives begin to emerge. The first feature of new social media must be to enable collective action, and using that, it must bring together many parties around a common goal of creating social media that are truly liberating.
Now, it may be that age verification can be done well within new social media. It may be that age limit is a reasonable approach at that point to certain problems. However, I would much rather see children and parents coming together over a shared understanding and morality of what is needed for kids to flourish and build their shared rulesets based on that.
Ny valgkamp — mer politisk reklame på Facebook og andre Meta-plattformer. Men brukes personopplysninger, og er reklamen i det hele tatt lovlig? Og hva har det å si for demokratiets forhold til teknologiselskapenes makt?
Ved kommunevalget i 2023 fulgte Dagsavisen opp partienes bruk av Facebook og fant at en rekke partier var på kant med lovgivningen. Siden det har Meta strammet inn reglene for politisk reklame, nå må partiene annonsere i en Special Ad Category. De må videre indikere at at annonsene er i en kategori for “samfunnsspørsmål, valg eller politikk”. Denne kategorien omtales gjerne som SIEP-annonser. Når denne kategorien er valgt begrenses annonsørens muligheter til målretting, i praksis til geografi.
Betyr dette at den politiske reklamen ikke er atferdsbasert? Betyr det at den ikke bruker personopplysninger?
Nei, mener jeg. Jeg mener at all reklame hos Meta er atferdsbasert. Men som teknologigiganter flest er ikke Meta interessert i klare svar, men la oss se på hva vi har å gå på.
La oss først se på hvordan Meta selv beskriver algoritmene. Meta har en overfladisk beskrivelse av hvordan de bruker maskinlæring (som er en dominerende retning i AI). I grove trekk sier den at annonsøren først velger målgruppe. Når en bruker skal se en annonse lager så systemet en liste med alle annonser som brukeren er i målgruppen til. Disse går så inn i en auksjon, en auksjon som bestemmer hvilken av annonse brukeren skal få se.
I denne auksjonen gjøres flere beregninger, der hvor mye annonsøren er villig til å betale, hvor høy kvalitet annonsen har. De prøver så å estimere hvor sannsynlig det er at brukeren skal gjøre som annonsøren vil: Kjøpe en ting, installere en app, eller stemme på et bestemt politisk parti?
Eller er SIEP-annonser unntatt fra denne prosessen?
Altså, det er ingen hemmelighet at i denne prosessen bruker personopplysninger. Det er nettopp dette som er atferdsbasert markedsføring. Dette bruker data fra atferd både av og på Facebook og Instagram. Dette bruker også data fra offentlige nettsteder. Det er en alvorlig misforståelse at man kan “slette Facebook”, Facebook er overalt, det er ikke en app eller et nettsted, det er en allestedsnærværende infrastruktur. Dette er den sagnomsuste Algoritmen (et begrep som blir brukt altfor mye).
La oss se på annonsedetaljene til en konkret annonse. Nå ble det Høyre, fordi jeg har sett flest annonser fra partiet Høyre, men jeg ønsker ikke henge ut noen spesielt, de fleste annonserer på Meta og alle er like.
Skjermdump av en tilfeldig valgt annonse for Høyre.
Man kan klikke på i-ene ved siden av de forskjellige tallene for å få videre forklaring. “Anslått publikumsstørrelse” er altså “target audience”, det er det publikum annonsøren selv velger. Vi ser med en gang at “Eksponeringer”, altså hvor mange ganger annonsen er vist, er mye lavere.
Partiene må kunne svare på hvordan man går fra publikumsstørrelse til eksponeringer. At man kun har mulighet til å målrette basert på geografi betyr ikke at det ikke brukes personopplysninger i målrettingen, det er bare at det er Meta og ikke partiene som målretter. Jeg har sendt en mail til Høyre med det spørsmålet, de har ikke svart.
Er det noe i Meta sin dokumentasjon som tyder på at SIEP-annonser er unntatt fra auksjonen? I såfall kunne det kanskje tyde på personinformasjon ikke ble brukt. Jeg har sett og ikke funnet noe som tyder på at det er noe annet som foregår for SIEP-annonser enn andre annonser. Du kan klikke på i-ene og forklaringstekstene, hvis du gjør det kommer du til nøyaktig den samme dokumentasjonen som for annen markedsføring. Denne dokumentasjonen er mest opptatt av at antall eksponeringer er nøyaktig, den er der for å vise at annonsøren får valuta for pengene, ikke for å forklare overfor samfunnet forøvrig hvordan markedsføring fungerer.
Alt tyder altså på at politisk reklame hos Meta er atferdsbasert, at den misbruker personopplysninger og at den er lagd for å maksimere sannsynligheten for at brukeren stemmer på et bestemt politisk parti.
Denne reklamen har ikke som formål å sikre en opplyst offentlighet. Den har ikke som formål å opplyse velgerne. Det betyr ikke at reklamen har slagside mot et politisk parti, men det er noe vi har svært lite mulighet til å etterprøve.
Det virker som partiene ikke forstår at de bruker atferdsbasert markedsføring, det virker som det er en utbredt misforståelse at hvis man ikke målretter eksplisitt, så er ikke personopplysninger involvert. Men den målrettingen som gjøres eksplisitt handler kun om target audience, og reflekteres kun i publikumsstørrelse. Personopplysningene kommer inn i auksjonen, og auksjonen foregår alltid. Det virker som Meta er interessert i å tåkelegge dette mest mulig.
Jeg skal innrømme at det vil være vanskelig å overbevise meg om noe annet, selv om Meta skulle komme ut og avvise det. Det vil være omtrent umulig for en revisor å sjekke hva dette systemet faktisk gjør, og dette er det eneste konkurransefortrinnet Meta har. De har alt å vinne på å holde dette tåkelagt, og ingen som kan holde dem ansvarlig hvis dette systemet gjør skade.
Dessverre har dette også mye å si for hvordan industrien reguleres, i Digital Services Act, §26 er det forsøkt: At man skal ha tilgang til “main parameters”, og Meta tolker selvfølgelig bestemmelsen til bety at annonsørens target audience må identifiseres for alle annonser, noe de har gjort lenge. Så lenge de får tåkelegge hva som faktisk skjer i auksjonen er det usannsynlig at regulering vil virke.
Hvis demokratiet skal lykkes å balansere makten til teknologigigantene kan man ikke så tydelig gå i fellene de setter, da avslører man bare at man er avhengig av deres tjenester og at man heller ikke forstår dem tilstrekkelig til å regulere.
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